Telemetry system for use with microstimulator

ABSTRACT

An implantable microstimulator configured to be implanted beneath a patient&#39;s skin for tissue stimulation employs a bi-directional RF telemetry link for allowing data-containing signals to be sent to and from the implantable microstimulator from at least two external devices. Further, a separate electromagnetic inductive telemetry link allows data containing signals to be sent to the implantable microstimulator from at least one of the two external devices. The RF bidirectional telemetry link allows the microstimulator to inform the patient or clinician regarding the status of the microstimulator device, including the charge level of a power source, and stimulation parameter states. The microstimulator has a cylindrical hermetically sealed case having a length no greater than about 27 mm and a diameter no greater than about 3.3 mm. A reference electrode is located on one end of the case and an active electrode is located on the other end of the case.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/624,364, filed Jan. 18, 2007 (allowed), which in turn is adivisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/607,962,filed Jun. 27, 2003 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,177,698), which in turn wasbased on U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/392,475, filedJun. 28, 2002. Priority is claimed to these earlier applications, andeach are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the field of implantablemedical devices and more particularly to microstimulator devicesincorporating a telemetry system that allows communications to occurbetween the implanted microstimulator and one or more external(non-implanted) devices.

BACKGROUND

Implantable microstimulators, also known as BION devices (where BION isa registered trademark of Advanced Bionics Corporation, of Sylmar,Calif.), are typically characterized by a small, cylindrical housingwhich contains electronic circuitry that produces electric currentsbetween spaced electrodes. These microstimulators are implantedproximate to target tissue, and the currents produced by the electrodesstimulate the tissue to reduce symptoms or otherwise provide therapy forvarious disorders. An implantable battery-powered medical device may beused to provide therapy for various purposes including nerve or musclestimulation. For example, urinary urge incontinence may be treated bystimulating the nerve fibers proximal to the pudendal nerves of thepelvic floor; erectile or other sexual dysfunctions may be treated byproviding stimulation of the cavernous nerve(s); and other disorders,e.g., neurological disorders caused by injury or stroke, may be treatedby providing stimulation of other appropriate nerve(s).

Implantable microstimulators have been disclosed that provide therapyfor neurological disorders by stimulating the surrounding nerves ormuscles. Such devices are characterized by a sealed housing whichcontains electronic circuitry for producing electric currents betweenspaced electrodes. A microstimulator is precisely implanted proximate tothe target tissue area and the electrical currents produced at theelectrodes stimulate the tissue to reduce the symptoms and otherwiseprovide therapy for the neurological disorder.

A battery-powered microstimulator of the present invention is preferablyof the type referred to as a BION device, which may operateindependently, or in a coordinated manner with other implanted devices,or with external devices.

By way of example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,312,439, entitled ImplantableDevice Having an Electrolytic Storage Electrode, an implantable devicefor tissue stimulation is described. U.S. Pat. No. 5,312,439 isincorporated herein by reference. The described microstimulator shown inthe '439 patent relates to an implantable device using one or moreexposed, electrolytic electrodes to store electrical energy received bythe implanted device, for the purpose of providing electrical energy toat least a portion of the internal electrical circuitry of theimplantable device. It uses an electrolytic capacitor electrode to storeelectrical energy in the electrode when exposed to body fluids.

Another microstimulator known in the art is described in U.S. Pat. No.5,193,539, “Implantable Microstimulator,” which patent is alsoincorporated herein by reference. The '539 patent describes amicrostimulator in which power and information for operating themicrostimulator is received through a modulated, alternating magneticfield in which a coil is adapted to function as the secondary winding ofa transformer. The induction coil receives energy from outside the bodyand a capacitor is used to store electrical energy which is released tothe microstimulator's exposed electrodes under the control of electroniccontrol circuitry.

In U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,193,540 and 5,405,367, which patents areincorporated herein by reference, a structure and method of manufactureof an implantable microstimulator is disclosed. The microstimulator hasa structure which is manufactured to be substantially encapsulatedwithin a hermetically-sealed housing inert to body fluids, and of a sizeand shape capable of implantation in a living body, with appropriatesurgical tools. Within the microstimulator, an induction coil receivesenergy from outside the body requiring an external power supply.

In yet another example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,185,452, which patent islikewise incorporated herein by reference, there is disclosed a deviceconfigured for implantation beneath a patient's skin for the purpose ofnerve or muscle stimulation and/or parameter monitoring and/or datacommunication. Such a device contains a power source for powering theinternal electronic circuitry. Such power supply is a battery that maybe externally charged each day. Similar battery specifications are foundin U.S. Pat. No. 6,315,721, which patent is additionally incorporatedherein by reference.

Other microstimulator systems prevent and/or treat various disordersassociated with prolonged inactivity, confinement or immobilization ofone or more muscles. Such microstimulators are taught, e.g., in U.S.Pat. Nos. 6,061,596 (Method for Conditioning Pelvis Musculature Using anImplanted Microstimulator); 6,051,017 (Implantable Microstimulator andSystems Employing the Same); 6,175,764 (Implantable MicrostimulatorSystem for Producing Repeatable Patterns of Electrical Stimulation;6,181,965 (Implantable Microstimulator System for Prevention ofDisorders); 6,185,455 (Methods of Reducing the Incidence of MedicalComplications Using Implantable Microstimulators); and 6,214,032 (Systemfor Implanting a Microstimulator). The applications described in theseadditional patents, including the power charging techniques, may also beused with the present invention. The '596, '017, '764, '965, '455, and'032 patents are incorporated herein by reference.

It is also known in the art to use thermal energy to power an at leastpartially implantable device, as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 6,131,581, alsoincorporated herein by reference, wherein an implantable thermoelectricenergy converter is disclosed.

Despite the various types of microstimulators known in the art, asillustrated by the examples cited above, significant improvements arestill possible and desirable, particularly relative to a microstimulatorhaving a bi-directional telemetry system that allows communications withthe microstimulator once implanted, coupled with a self-containedprimary or rechargeable battery that: (a) accommodates the various needsof a microstimulator; (b) accommodates various locations in theimplanted site; (c) allows the microstimulator to operate longer betweencharges or replacement, and/or (d) allows better and easier controland/or monitoring of the implanted microstimulator.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention addresses the above and other needs by providing abattery-powered microstimulator intended to provide therapy forneurological disorders such as urinary urge incontinence by way ofelectrical stimulation of nerve fibers in the pudendal nerve; to treatvarious disorders associated with prolonged inactivity, confinement, orimmobilization of one or more muscles; to be used as therapy forerectile dysfunction and other sexual dysfunction; as a therapy to treatchronic pain; and/or to prevent or treat a variety of other disorders.The invention disclosed and claimed herein provides such abattery-powered microstimulator and associated external components.

Stimulation and control parameters of the implanted microstimulator arepreferably adjusted to levels that are safe and efficacious with minimaldiscomfort. Different stimulation parameters have different effects onneural tissue, and parameters may be chosen to target specific neuralpopulations and to exclude others. For example, relatively low frequencyneurostimulation (i.e., less than about 50-100 Hz) may have anexcitatory effect on surrounding neural tissue, leading to increasedneural activity, whereas relatively high frequency neurostimulation(i.e., greater than about 50-100 Hz) may have an inhibitory effect,leading to decreased neural activity.

In accordance with certain embodiments of the invention, there isprovided a microstimulator sized to contain a self-contained powersource, e.g., a primary battery. In another embodiment, theself-contained power source comprises a battery which is rechargeable byan external power source, e.g., an RF link, an inductive link, or otherenergy-coupling link. In yet other embodiments, the power source maycomprise other energy sources, such as a super capacitor, a nuclearbattery, a mechanical resonator, an infrared collector (receiving, e.g.,infrared energy through the skin), a thermally-powered energy source(where, e.g., memory-shaped alloys exposed to a minimal temperaturedifference generate power), a flexural powered energy source (where aflexible section subject to flexural forces is placed in the middle ofthe long, thin-rod shape of the microstimulator), a bioenergy powersource (where a chemical reaction provides an energy source), a fuelcell (much like a battery, but does not run down or require recharging,but requires only a fuel), a bioelectrical cell (where two or moreelectrodes use tissue-generated potentials and currents to captureenergy and convert it to useable power), an osmotic pressure pump (wheremechanical energy is generated due to fluid ingress), or the like.

For purposes of the present invention, the term “self contained” meansimplanted within the patient and not totally dependent upon external(non implanted) sources of energy. Typically, the self contained powersource will be contained within a housing, e.g., the same housing as theone that contains the electronic circuits of the implantable device,that is implanted within the patient or user of the device. A keyfeature of the self contained power source is that it is not dependentupon a continuous source of external (non-implanted) power. Theself-contained power source used with the invention may rely upon anoccasional use of an external power source, e.g., an occasional burst orinfrequent injection of energy to replenish the self contained powersource, such as a rechargeable battery or super capacitor, but the “selfcontained” power source may thereafter operate on its own to provideneeded power for operation of the device without being connected orcoupled to the external source of power.

In accordance with various embodiments of the invention, there isprovided a microstimulator with at least two electrodes for applyingstimulating current to surrounding tissue and associated electronicand/or mechanical components encapsulated in a hermetic package madefrom biocompatible material. The internal components are powered by theinternal power source. The internal power source is, in one preferredembodiment, a primary battery, and in another preferred embodiment, arechargeable battery. In other embodiments, the energy source may takethe form of any of the various energy sources mentioned above, orcombinations thereof.

In accordance with one aspect of the invention, there is provided amicrostimulator with means for receiving and/or transmitting signals viatelemetry at an arm's length distance, e.g., up to two feet. Thetelemetry system includes means for receiving and/or storing controlparameters to operate the microstimulator in a desired manner. Further,the microstimulator is able to transmit data related to the status ofthe microstimulator, including data sensed through sensors incorporatedwithin, or coupled to, the microstimulator. The telemetry system furtherallows for receiving and/or storing electrical power within themicrostimulator and for receiving and/or transmitting signals indicatingthe charge level of the internal battery.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided amicrostimulator implantable via a minimal surgical procedure and theassociated surgical tools.

In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, there is provideda method for manufacturing/assembling the components within the microstimulator, including the internal battery or other power source,ferrite material, induction coil, storage capacitor, and othercomponents using e.g., conductive and non-conductive adhesives, aredescribed herein. Also described herein are methods of externallycoating the hermetically sealed cylindrical housing to protect theinternal components.

It is to be noted that embodiments described herein may include some orall of the items mentioned above. Additional embodiments will be evidentupon further review of the present disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other aspects of the present invention will be moreapparent from the following more particular description thereof,presented in conjunction with the following drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram for an exemplary battery-powered BION (BPB)system made in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2 shows a representative biphasic electrical current stimulationwaveform that may be produced by the battery-powered BION system of thepresent invention;

FIG. 3 shows a table summarizing exemplary battery-powered BIONstimulation parameters;

FIG. 4 is an enlarged side view showing the overall descriptivedimensions for the battery-powered BION case, the battery, and theelectronic subassembly;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the battery and connecting wires;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram representing the battery states based onmeasured battery voltage;

FIG. 7 is a front view of a representative remote control panel showingexemplary front panel components;

FIG. 8 is an exploded view of the internal components of the BPB device;

FIG. 9 is a perspective top view of the internal electronic panel in abatch configuration;

FIG. 10 is a perspective top view of the panel shown in FIG. 9 with theintegrated circuitry attached;

FIG. 11A is a perspective top view of the panel shown in FIG. 9 with theintegrated circuitry shown in FIG. 10 and with the top capacitors anddiodes attached;

FIG. 11B is an enlarged detailed view of a portion of FIG. 11A, showingin greater detail the attachment of the top capacitors and diodes;

FIG. 12 is a perspective top view of the panel shown in FIG. 9 with theintegrated circuitry shown in FIG. 10, the top capacitors and diodesshown in FIG. 11A, and with the top ferrite half attached;

FIG. 13 is an enlarged detail view of the assembled components shown inFIG. 12 depicting the connecting electrical wires;

FIG. 14A is a perspective top view of a sub-assembly assembled duringthe manufacturing operation;

FIG. 14B is a bottom perspective view of the sub-assembly shown in FIG.14A;

FIG. 14C is a top plan view of the sub-assembly shown in FIG. 14A;

FIG. 14D is a bottom plan view of the sub-assembly shown in FIG. 14A;

FIG. 15A is a perspective top view of the sub-assembly shown in FIG. 14Awith a coil wound on the middle section of the ferrite cylinder;

FIG. 15B is a cross-section view of the sub-assembly shown in FIG. 15Ataken along line 15B-15B;

FIG. 15C is a top view of the sub-assembly shown in FIG. 14A with thecoil ends depicted;

FIG. 16 is an enlarged detail perspective view of the sub-assembly shownin FIG. 15A placed in a soldering fixture;

FIG. 17 is an exploded view of carrier fixture plates;

FIG. 18 is a perspective view of a supporting work-plate with one of thecarrier plates shown in FIG. 17 and the sub-assembly shown in FIG. 15A;

FIG. 19 is a perspective view of the sub-assembly shown in FIG. 15A witha battery attached and also depicting assembled internal components of aBPB device of the present invention;

FIG. 20A is a top view of a BPB device of the present invention showingexternal coatings;

FIG. 20B is a cross-sectional view taken along line 20B-20B shown inFIG. 20A;

FIG. 20C is an end view of the BPB device shown in FIG. 20A;

FIG. 21 is an exemplary circuit block diagram showing the mainimplantable components and their interactions of one embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 22 schematically illustrates a bi-directional telemetry system usedwith the invention;

FIG. 23 depicts Frequency-Shift-Keying (FSK) and On-Off-Keying (00K)modulation techniques used by the bi-directional telemetry system;

FIG. 24 shows a block diagram of a receiver that may be used in anexternal device, e.g., a remote control unit, used with the implantablemicrostimulator; and

FIG. 25 depicts a block diagram of a representative FSKreceiver/transmitter that may be used within the implantablemicrostimulator.

Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding componentsthroughout the several views of the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following description is of the best mode presently contemplated forcarrying out the invention. This description is not to be taken in alimiting sense, but is made merely for the purpose of describing thegeneral principles of the invention. The scope of the invention shouldbe determined with reference to the claims.

A fully assembled battery-powered microstimulator (also referred to as aBION microstimulator, or battery-powered BION (“BPB” device) made inaccordance with the present invention may operate independently, or in acoordinated manner with other implanted devices, or with externaldevices.

The BPB device is a pulse generator which includes an internal powersource. Regardless of whether the internal power source comprises aprimary battery, a rechargeable battery, or an alternative power sourceas described below, the device containing the internal power source willbe referred to as a BPB device for purposes of the present invention.

In one preferred embodiment, the power source comprises a rechargeablebattery. The battery is recharged, as required, from an external batterycharging system, typically through an inductive link.

In another preferred embodiment, the power source comprises a primarybattery. A primary battery, or primary battery cell, offers theadvantage of typically having five to ten times more energy density thandoes a rechargeable battery. Further, a primary battery typicallyexhibits a much lower self-leakage than does a rechargeable battery.

In other embodiments of the invention, the power source of the BPBdevice comprises an alternative energy source, or a combination ofalternative energy sources. One such alternative energy source is asuper capacitor. A super capacitor typically has ten times less energydensity than does a rechargeable battery, but it can be recharged veryquickly, thus allowing for the use of a simple combination RC andcharger system. Additionally, power coupled inductively to a supercapacitor storage element may enable pulsed radio frequency (RF) powerto be used, rather than continuous RF power. A super capacitor istypically used, most advantageously, in combination with another powersource, such as a primary battery or a rechargeable battery. The supercapacitor may be charged rapidly, and then the charge stored on thesuper capacitor is available to supplement operation of the BPB device,either directly (to assist with higher energy stimulation levels orpower requirements), or indirectly (to help recharge the battery).

A further alternative energy source that may be used with the BPB deviceof the invention is a nuclear battery, also known as an atomic battery.Recent developments have indicated that, e.g., amicro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) nuclear battery is capable ofdelivering significant amounts of power. These power sources areextremely small, and may be combined or grouped together, as required,in order to provide the needed power to operate the BPB device.

Still another alternative energy source that may be used with the BPBdevice is a mechanical resonator. Generating power from mechanicalresonators and normal human movement has long been practiced in the art,e.g., with wrist-watches, and MEMS versions of such resonators have beenaround for a number of years. However, to applicants' knowledge, the useof MEMS mechanical resonators has never been applied to implantabledevices, such as the BPB device of the present invention.

A further alternative energy source for use with a BPB device is aninfrared collector, or infrared (solar) power source. Because the skinand body tissue is relatively transparent to red and infrared light, itis possible, e.g., through the use of an implanted silicon photovoltaiccell, to collect sufficient energy to power the BPB device from anexternal infrared source, such as the sun.

Yet an additional alternative energy source for use with the BPB deviceof the present invention is a thermally-powered energy source. Forexample, thermal difference engines based on memory shape alloys havebeen demonstrated to be very efficient engines capable of generatingpower with minimal temperature differences. Hence, by incorporating sucha thermal difference engine within the BPB device, an internal energysource is provided that derives its energy from a small temperaturedifference, e.g., the temperature difference between the surface of theskin and a location 2-3 cm deeper inside the body.

Still another alternative energy source is a flexural powered energysource. The BPB device has the general shape of a long thin rod. Hence,by placing a flexible section in the middle of the device, such sectionwill be subjected to flexural forces. Such flexural forces, when appliedto a suitable piezoelectric element coupled to the flexible section,will generate piezoelectric bimorphs which may be used to generate avoltage (power). Such technique has been used to generate power fromwind.

Another alternative energy source is a bioenergy power source. In abioenergy power source, a chemical reactor interacts with constituentsto produce mechanical or electrical power.

A fuel cell represents another type of alternative energy source thatmay be used with the BPB device. A fuel cell, in principle, operatesmuch like a battery. Unlike a battery, however, a fuel cell does not rundown or require recharging. Rather, it produces energy in the form ofelectricity and heat as long as fuel is supplied. A fuel cell systemwhich includes a “fuel reformer” can utilize the hydrogen from anyhydrocarbon fuel. Several fuel cell technologies may be used with theBPB device of the present invention, such as Phosphoric Acid, ProtonExchange Membrane or Solid Polymer, Molten Carbonate, Solid Oxide,Alkaline, Direct Methanol, Regenerative, Zinc Air, or Protonic Ceramic.Such fuel cells may be designed for a single use, or refillable.

Yet an additional alternative energy source that may be used with theBPB device is a bioelectrical cell. In a bioelectrical cell, a set ofelectrodes (two or more) is implanted in the body tissue. Theseelectrodes sense and use tissue generated potentials and currents inorder to power the BPB device. Tissue such as cardiac muscle, cardiacconducting cells and neural tissue are examples of tissue that generateselectrical potentials and currents. In a particular case, specializedbiological tissue may be implanted to provide the energy. The implantedbiological tissue remains alive due to the environment provided by thebody where it is implanted.

A further alternative energy source that may be used with the BPB deviceof the present invention is an osmotic pressure pump. Osmotic pressurepumps may be used to generate mechanical energy due to water, or otherfluid, ingress. This mechanical energy may then be used to generateother forms of energy, such as electrical energy. For example, osmoticpressure may be used to separate the plates of a capacitor. As theplates of the capacitor separate with a given amount of charge due toosmotic pressure, the energy stored in that capacitor is incremented.

In the description of the BPB device that follows, the power source usedwithin the BPB device is described as a rechargeable battery. However,it is to be understood, as previously indicated, that the “power source”used within the BPB device may take many forms, including a primarybattery or the alternative power sources enumerated above, and that whenthe term “battery” or “power source” is used herein, such terms, unlessotherwise indicated, are meant to broadly convey a source of energy orpower contained within, or coupled to, the BPB device.

The BPB device is a fully integrated, programmable, autonomousmicrostimulator. The key features of the BPB device are that: (1) it isfully integrated, i.e., the BPB device is self contained (electrodes,power source, single channel stimulator), and no attachments are needed;(2) it is programmable, i.e., external devices, such as a remotecontrol, base station, or clinician's programmer, may command the BPBdevice to perform different functions, such as stimulation,communication, or state; (3) it is autonomous, i.e., the BPB device mayoperate independently; and (4) it is small—micro-sized small, havingtypical dimensions that are 27 mm long, 3.3 mm diameter, and weighingonly about 0.7 grams.

The BPB device preferably has a substantially cylindrical shape,although other shapes are possible, and at least portions of the BPBdevice are hermetically sealed. The BPB device includes a processor andother electronic circuitry that allow it to generate stimulus pulsesthat are applied to a patient through electrodes in accordance with aprogram that may be stored, if necessary or desired, in programmablememory.

The BPB device circuitry, power source capacity, cycle life,hermeticity, and longevity provide implant operation at typical settingsfor a long time, e.g., at least five years. Battery (or power source)control circuitry protects the battery or other power source fromovercharging, if recharging is needed, and operates the BPB device in asafe mode upon energy depletion, and avoids any potentially endangeringfailure modes, with a zero tolerance for unsafe failure or operationalmodes. The BPB device accepts programming only from compatibleprogramming devices.

The publications and patents listed in the table below, which are allincorporated herein by reference, describe various uses of theimplantable BPB device for the purpose of treating various neurologicalconditions:

Application/ Filing/ Patent/ Publication Publication No. Date Title U.S.Pat. No. Issued Method for Conditioning Pelvic 6,061,596 May 9, 2000Musculature Using an Implanted Microstimulator U.S. Pat. No. IssuedStructure and Method of Manufacture 5,193,540 Mar. 16, 1993 of anImplantable Microstimulator PCT Publication Published ImplantableStimulator System and WO 00/01320 Jan. 13, 2000 Method for Treatment ofUrinary Incontinence PCT Publication Published System and Method forConditioning WO 97/18857 May 29, 1997 Pelvic Musculature Using anImplanted Microstimulator

An implantable BPB system made in accordance with the present inventiontypically includes internal and external components, as well as surgicalcomponents, as shown in FIG. 1. The internal components 10′ areimplanted in the target tissue area of the patient and the externalcomponents 20 are used to recharge or replenish (when recharge orreplenishment is needed) and communicate with the internal components.The components shown in FIG. 1 represent as a whole an implantable BIONmicrostimulator system 100. It should be noted that the presentinvention is not directed to a specific method for treating a disorder,but rather describes possible BPB configurations, methods ofmanufacture, and how the implantable BPB system functions in conjunctionwith the components shown in FIG. 1.

A block diagram that illustrates the various components of the BPBsystem 100 is depicted in FIG. 1. These components may be subdividedinto three broad categories: (1) implantable components 10′, (2)external components 20, and (3) surgical components 30.

As seen in FIG. 1, the BPB device 10 includes a case 12; battery 16; BPBelectronic subassembly 14, which includes BPB coil 18 and a stimulatingcapacitor C_(STIM) 15; indifferent/reference electrode 24; andactive/stimulating electrode 22. The block diagram shown in FIG. 21 alsoshows the main implantable components of the BPB device 10 and theirinteractions.

The external components 20, shown in FIG. 1 include charging system 39,which consists of the chair pad 32 and the base station 50; a remotecontrol 40; and a clinician's programmer 60. The chair pad 32 has arecharger coil 34 which is electrically connected to (or may be part of)the base station 50 with extension 36 and communicates with the BPBelectronic subassembly 14 with a bidirectional telemetry link 48. Thebase station 50 has an external medical grade AC adapter which receivesAC power 52 through extension 54. The remote control 40 sends andreceives communication from/to the base station 50 through Infrared DataAssociation, IrDA interface 42. (IrDA is a standard for transmittingdata via infrared light.) The remote control 40 also communicates withthe clinician's programmer 60 through an IrDA interface 44 andcommunicates with the BPB electronic subassembly 14 with an RF telemetryantenna 46 through the bidirectional telemetry link 48. The clinician'sprogrammer 60 may also communicate with the BPB electronic subassembly14 through the bidirectional telemetry link 48. The base station 50 alsocommunicates with the clinician's programmer 60 through an IrDAinterface 45. The bidirectional telemetry link 48 is also known as theFSK (Frequency Shift Key) telemetry link, or RF telemetry link. Inaddition, the charging system 39 has a forward telemetry link 38. Suchlink may use OOK-PWM (On/Off Keying—Pulse Width Modulation), and istypically an inductive telemetry link. When used, both power andinformation may be transferred to the BPB device through the OOK-PWMlink. When charging is not needed, e.g., when the battery comprises aprimary battery, such an inductive link may still be used to transferinformation and data to the BPB device.

It is thus seen that the OOK-PWM link 38 provides a second means forcommunicating with the BPB device 10, where the first means comprisesthe FSK link 48. Having two separate communication channels in thismanner adds an additional safety feature to the BION system. Onepreferred telemetry system that may be used with the BPB device isdescribed more fully below.

The surgical components 30 illustrated in FIG. 1 include the BPB implanttools 62 and an external neurostimulator 64. The implantable BPB device10 is inserted through the patient's tissue through the use ofappropriate surgical tools, and in particular, through the use oftunneling tools, as are known in the art, or as are specially developedfor purposes of implantable BPB stimulation systems.

FIG. 1 represents the BPB system 100 as a block diagram which aids insimplifying each of the described implantable components 10′, externalcomponents 20, and surgical components 30. A better understanding of thepossible functions associated with every element of the internalcomponents 10′, external components 30, and surgical components 30 isprovided in the details that follow.

Turning next to FIG. 2, an exemplary waveform is shown that illustratessome of the BPB biphasic electric current stimulation parameters. Otherparameters not shown include burst, ramp, and duty cycles. The BPBdevice 10 may produce, for instance, an asymmetric biphasicconstant-current charge-balanced stimulation pulse, as shown in FIG. 2.Charge-balancing of the current flow through the body tissue in bothdirections is important to prevent damage to the tissue which resultsfrom continued preponderance of current flow in one direction. The firstphase of the stimulation pulse is cathodic and the second phase(recharge phase) utilizes an anodic charge recovery to facilitate acharge balance. The stimulation phase current amplitude 66 isprogrammable from 0.0 to about 10 mA, for instance, in 0.2 mAincrements. To prevent patient discomfort due to rapidly increasing ordecreasing amplitudes in the first phase of the waveform (of stimulationamplitude 66), changes in amplitude occur smoothly over a transitionperiod programmable by adjusting the allowed slope (step sizeincrements) of the amplitude through continuous pulses.

The stimulation capability of the BPB device 10 is depicted by thestimulation parameters specified in the table shown in FIG. 3. Theseparameters may be achieved by the electronic subassembly 14, battery (orother power source) 16, and electrodes 22 and 24. The stimulatingelectrode 22 is coupled to the electronic subassembly 14 with astimulating capacitor C_(STIM) 15. Net DC charge transferred duringstimulation is prevented by the capacitive coupling provided by thestimulating capacitor 15, between the BPB electronic subassembly 14 andthe stimulation electrode 22. During the first phase of the pulsewaveform shown in FIG. 2, the BPB stimulation electrode 22 has acathodic polarity with associated negative current amplitude, and thereference electrode 24 is the anode.

Each BPB device 10 has an identification code used to uniquely identifythe device. The identification code allows each unit to act onparticular messages containing its unique identification code. Each BPBdevice 10 also responds to universal identification codes used for casesin which the unique address is unknown by the external device, theunique address has been corrupted, or when a command is sent to multipleBPB units.

Referring back to FIG. 1, the BPB device 10 receives commands and datafrom the remote control 40, clinician's programmer 60, and/or chargingsystem 39 via FSK (frequency shift keying) telemetry link 48. The rangeof the FSK telemetry link 48 is no less than 30 cm in an optimalorientation. Factors that may affect the range of the FSK telemetry link48 include an impaired BPB device, depleted external device,insufficient power, environmental noise, and other factors, e.g., thesurroundings. When a request is sent to the BPB device 10 by theclinician's programmer 60, the remote control 40, or the charging system39, the maximum response time for the FSK telemetry link 48 is less than2 seconds, under normal operating conditions.

The OOK (On-Off Keying) telemetry link 38, shown in FIG. 1, allowscommands and data to be sent by the charging system 39 to the BPB device10. The range of the OOK telemetry link 38 is ideally no less than 15 cmin any orientation and no less than 15 cm in an optimal orientation. TheOOK telemetry link 38 allows the charging system 39 to communicate withthe BPB device 10 even when the BPB device 10 is not actively listeningfor a telemetry signal, e.g., when the BPB device 10 is in theHibernation State or the Storage State (states for the BPB device whichwill be discussed in detail below). The OOK-PWM telemetry link 38 alsoprovides a communication interface in an emergency situation, e.g., anemergency shutdown.

Reverse telemetry is also available through the FSK telemetry link 48.The reverse FSK telemetry link 48, allows information to be reported bythe BPB device 10 to the clinician's programmer 60, the remote control40, and/or the charging system 39. The range of the reverse telemetrylink 48 is no less than 30 cm in an optimal orientation. The type ofinformation transmitted from the BPB device 10 to the clinician'sprogrammer 60, remote control 40, and/or charging system 39, may includebut is not limited to battery voltage, BPB internal register settings,and acknowledgments.

The FSK telemetry system, in one preferred embodiment, operates in thefrequency band of 127 KHz±8 KHz. When the BPB device 10 has received avalid (i.e. non-error containing) message, an acknowledgment istransmitted.

There will be times when the messages sent in either direction on thetelemetry link will not be received by the intended recipient. This maybe due to range, orientation, noise, or other problems. The severity ofthe problem will determine the appropriate response of the system. Forexample, if a programming change is made by the clinician's programmer60 and a response is expected by the clinician's programmer 60 from theBPB device 10, the clinician's programmer 60 attempts to get a responsefrom the BPB device 10 until a satisfactory response is received, oruntil a reasonable number of attempts are made. If no satisfactoryresponse is obtained, this might indicate that the BPB device 10 doesnot have sufficient power in its internal power source 16 to make aresponse, in which case charging should be attempted by the user (if thebattery 16 is a rechargeable battery). Events such as these are loggedfor future diagnostic analysis. Error messages are displayed on theclinician' programmer 60, the remote control 40, and/or the base station50, in response to an abnormal response to telemetry communication. Whenan invalid command is received by BPB device 10, no action occurs. Allvalid commands are executed by the BPB device 10 within 1 second afterreceiving a command, under normal operating conditions.

Turning next to FIGS. 22-25, a more detailed description of onepreferred implementation of an FSK telemetry link is shown. As seen inFIG. 22, a BPB device 10 (a very small device) is implanted in apatient. The implant depth may be several centimeters, so it isimportant that a telemetry link be capable of functioning over asufficient distance, e.g., at least 15 cm, and preferably at least 30 cmor more, e.g., 60 cm. The remote control 40 and the chair pad 32 (whichis connected to a base station 50 (see FIG. 1) incorporates appropriateantenna coils and transmitting circuitry for sending FSK signaltransmissions to the BPB device 10. These FSK signal transmissions sentto the BPB device 10 are symbolically represented in FIG. 22 by thestream of increasingly larger ovals 48′ and 48″ emanating from theremote control 40 and chair pad 32, respectively. The BPB device 10includes an FSK receiver circuit, described more fully below, thatallows it to receive the FSK transmissions 48′ and 48″. Similarly, theBPB device 10 includes a transmitter that allows it to send FSK signaltransmissions 48A and 48B to the remote control 40 and chair pad 32,respectively.

Not shown in FIG. 22, but present, is a separate OOK-PWM communicationlink that allows communication signals to be sent from the chair pad 32,i.e., from the base station 50, which is connected to the chair pad (seeFIG. 1) to the BPB device 10.

FIG. 23 depicts the two types of modulation that are used with thecommunication links 48 and 38 of the present invention. The primary typeof communication used is frequency shift keying, illustrated in the topportion of FIG. 23, wherein the frequency of the transmitted signalvaries between two frequencies, F1 and F2. A binary data “1” isrepresented by the first frequency F1, and a binary “0” is representedby the second frequency F2. The bottom portion of FIG. 23 illustrates anOn-Off Keying (OOK)-PWM (pulse width modulation) approach, wherein thetransmitted signal comprises either a first frequency F1′ or notransmitted signal (frequency equals zero) for one of two pulse widths,PW1 or PW2. A transmitted signal having a first pulse width, PW1,regardless of whether the frequency is F1′ or zero (off), is interpretedas, e.g., a binary “0”; whereas a transmitted signal having a secondpulse width, PW2, regardless of whether the frequency is F1′ or zero(off), is interpreted as, e.g., a binary “1”. (Note, this interpretationcould just as easily be switched, with a “1” being associated with a PW1pulse, and a “0” being interpreted as a PW2 pulse.) A change from theF1′ frequency to the zero (off) frequency is used to indicate a datatransition from one bit to the next bit in the data stream.

Thus, it is seen that in the bottom portion of FIG. 23, and proceedingfrom left to right, the transmitted signal has a frequency F1′ for awidth of PW1, indicating a binary “0”, followed by a transmitted signalbeing off (frequency is zero) for a width of PW1, indicating anotherbinary “0”; followed by a transmitted signal of frequency F1′ for apulse width of PW2, indicating a binary “1”; followed by a transmittedsignal of frequency zero (signal off) for a width of PW1, indicating abinary “0”; followed by a transmitted signal of frequency F1′ for awidth PW1, indicating a binary “0”; followed by a transmitted signal offrequency zero (signal off) for a width PW2, indicating a binary “1”.Thus, the binary data stream being transmitted in the exemplary signalshown in the bottom of FIG. 23 comprises “001001”

FIG. 24 illustrates a representative type of FM receiver that may beimplemented in the remote control 40, or the base station 50 and chairpad 32, in order to receive the FSK signal transmitted from the BPBdevice 10. As seen in FIG. 24, such receiver includes an antenna 502 forreceiving the FSK signal transmitted from the BSP device 10. This signalis then amplified by a pre-amplifier 504 having a gain of about 20 dB.The amplified signal is then mixed in a mixer 506 with a signal obtainedfrom a local oscillator (LO) 507, reduced by a dividing circuit 508, toproduce an intermediate frequency (IF) signal. In one preferredembodiment, the LO frequency is 656 KHz, and is divided by the dividingcircuit 508 by two, thereby providing a signal of 323 KHz that is mixedwith the incoming FSK signal from the BPB device 10. The loss associatedwith the conversion to the IF frequency is only about 10 dB.

The IF frequency signal is passed through a bandpass filter 510 and thenamplified by amplifier 512, which amplifier has a gain of about 40 dB.The amplified IF signal is then passed through another bandpass filter514. The center frequency of the bandpass filters 510 and 514 is, in oneembodiment, about 455 KHz, and the bandwidth is about 12 KHz. Theamplified and filtered IF signal is then subjected to a limitingamplifier 516, having a gain of about 80 dB, and the resulting signal isthen passed through a demodulator circuit 518. The demodulator circuit518 demodulates the FSK data contained in the IF signal to recover thedata therein. As depicted in FIG. 24, the demodulator circuit 518includes a quad coil tuned to 455 KHz, a discriminator (multiplier)circuit 522, and a low pass filter 524. The output from the low passfilter 524 is an analog data stream wherein a “1” is represented by afirst amplitude, e.g., +V volts, and a “0” is represented by a secondamplitude, e.g., 0 volts.

The remote control receiver circuit depicted in FIG. 24 is a typical FMreceiver, not much different from the FM receiver included in a carradio. Advantageously, such receiver is inexpensive to make from readilyavailable parts, is easy to manufacture and test, and uses a reliableand proven architecture.

Next, with reference to FIG. 25, a receiver/transmitter circuit that isused in the BPB device 10, in accordance with one preferred embodimentof the invention, will be described. This circuit provides directconversion of the incoming FSK signal to data, and as such represents arelatively new approach in wireless technology. Advantageously, thecircuit does not require large external components. The circuit uses aBFSK (binary frequency shift key) modulation scheme wherein a “0” isrepresented by a lower frequency F2, and a “1” is represented by ahigher frequency F1. In a preferred embodiment, F1 is 131 KHz, and F2 is123 KHz. Thus, there is not much frequency difference between F1 and F2.More particularly, the frequency difference is only 8 KHz, which is onlyabout a 6.3% difference between the F1 and F2 frequencies (where thepercent difference is calculated as {(F1−F2)/[(F1+F2)/2]}×100). HavingF1 and F2 so close to each other in frequency greatly simplifies some ofthe antenna tuning issues that are present within the BPB device.However, having F1 and F2 so close to each other in frequency also meansthat great care must be exercised to precisely calibrate the localoscillator so that the BPB electronic circuitry can successfullydistinguish between 123 KHz and 131 KHz. Such calibration should occurat body temperature, i.e., about 37° C.

As seen in FIG. 25, when the circuit operates as a receiver circuit,incoming BFSK signal 48′ or 48″ is received through an antenna coil thatis wrapped around ferrite core 212. A tuning capacitor 532 tunes thecoil 18, in combination with the ferrite core 212, so that it optimallyreceives signals in the 123 KHz to 131 KHz range. A data switch 534 isswitched to a first position so that the incoming tuned signal isapplied to a mixer circuit 536. A 4 MHz oscillator produces a 4 MHzsignal that is divided by 2048 in dividing circuit 540 to produce a1.985 KHz clock signal. The 4 MHz signal is similarly divided by 32 individing circuit 542 to produce a local oscillator signal having afrequency F3 that is also applied to the mixer circuit 536. The localoscillator frequency F3 is 127 KHz, mid-way between the F1 and F2frequencies. The mixer (or multiplier) circuit 536 multiplies theincoming signal with the 127 KHz local oscillator signal to produce adifference signal, F3±F2 (when the incoming signal is F2), and F3±F1when the incoming signal is F1). The sum F3+F2 or F3+F1 is filtered out.The signals that remain are F3−F2 and F3−F1. For the indicated frequencyvalues, F3−F2 is 4 KHz, and F3−F1 is −4 KHz (or 0 KHz because negativefrequencies don't exist in real time). Thus, it is seen that thisdifference signal is 4 KHz if the incoming signal is 123 KHz (a binary“0”), and will be 0 KHz if the incoming signal is a binary “1”. Theresulting signal (4 KHz or 0 KHz) is applied directly to the digitalprocessor 544 used within the electronic subassembly 14 of the BPBdevice 10.

The processor 544 is able to readily ascertain whether such signal is a4 KHz signal or a 0 KHz signal, and is therefore able to readily assigna “1” or “0” value to the data bit signal. One technique that may beused to readily distinguish a 4 KHz signal from a 0 KHz signal within adigital processor is to apply the signal as a clock signal to a registerthat is hard-wired to fill with “1's” as it is clocked. After aprescribed period of time (e.g., a data clock time, or the duration of adata bit, or a portion of a data bit) the contents of the register arechecked, and if a high value, then a determination is made that theincoming data bit must be a “1”, and if a low value, then adetermination is made that the incoming data bit must be a “0”.

When used as a transmitter, the data switch 534 is switched to a secondposition that allows data to be transmitted from the antenna coil 18 asdata 48A or 48B. Data to be transmitted is received on Tx Data line 545and is converted to either a 123 KHz signal (to represent a binary “0”),or to a 131 KHz signal (to represent a binary “1”). Such conversion toBFSK data is done with the help of the 4 MHz oscillator signal and adivide-by-31 or -33 circuit 546.

The OOK-PWM receiving circuit used within the BPB device may use thesame antenna coil 18 as does the BFSK circuit. In fact, the coil 18, andmany of its related components, serves multiple functions using theprinciples described, e.g., in U.S. patent application Ser. No.09/799,467, filed Mar. 5, 2001; and Ser. No. 10/133,766, filed Apr. 26,2002, both of which applications are assigned to the same assignee as isthe present application, and both of which applications are incorporatedherein by reference. The OOK-PWM transmitter circuit used within thebase station 50 and charging pad 32 may be of conventional design.

As described above, it is thus seen that the receiver and transmittercircuit used within the BPB device 10, and shown in FIG. 25, offers thefollowing features and advantages: (1) it is able to receive and senddata across body/air reliably; (2) it is simple, having only a fewcomponents; (3) it works well after initial calibration; (4) it requiresonly one external coil and capacitor, may be fabricated in a smallspace, and consumes very little power; (5) it has an approximate rangeof 60 cm; (6) it has a response time of less than 2 seconds; (7) itexperiences a minimum number of errors, e.g., on the order of 1 commanderror per year for every 10,000 users; and (8) for safety and othertechnical reasons, a backup or second telemetry system is included forgetting data into the BPB device.

Referring now to FIG. 4, a side view of the BPB case 12 is showndepicting exemplary overall dimensions for the case 12 and BPB internalcomponents. The BPB case 12 functions together with the additionalcomponents of BPB device 10, including the BPB battery 16 and the BPBelectronic subassembly 14, to provide the stimulating function of thedevice. As shown in the figures, BPB case 12 may have a tubular orcylindrical shape with an outer diameter shown in FIG. 4 as D1 having aminimum value of about 3.20 mm and a maximum value of 3.7 mm, andpreferably a maximum value of about 3.30 mm. The inner diameter of theportion of the BPB case 12 enclosing the electronic subassembly 14 isshown in FIG. 4 as D2 with a minimum value of about 2.40 mm and amaximum value of about 2.54 mm. The inner diameter of the portion of theBPB case 12 enclosing the BPB battery 16 is shown in FIG. 4 as D3 with aminimum value of about 2.92 mm and a maximum value of about 3.05 mm. Thelength of the BPB case 12 is shown in FIG. 4 as L1 with and is nogreater than about 30 mm, and preferably no greater than about 27 mm (L1includes the length of the case housing plus the stimulating electrode22). The length L2 of the case 12 has a value of about 24.5 mm. Theportion of the case 12 enclosing the electronic subassembly 14 is shownin FIG. 4 as length L3 with a maximum value of about 13.00 mm. Theportion of the case 12 enclosing the BPB battery (or other power source)16 is shown in FIG. 4 as length L4 with a value of about 11.84 mm. Thesedimensions are only exemplary, and may change, as needed or desired toaccommodate different types of batteries or power sources. For example,the BPB device, instead of being cylindrically shaped, may have arectangular or oval cross section having a width and height that is nogreater than about 3.3 mm, and an overall length is no greater thanabout 27 mm. To help protect the electrical components inside the BPBdevice 10, the case 12 of the BPB device 10 is hermetically sealed. Foradditional protection against, e.g., impact, the case 12 may be made ofmetal (e.g., titanium), which material is advantageously biocompatible.The BPB case 12 is preferably, but not necessarily, Magnetic ResonanceImaging (MRI) compatible. The manufacturing/assembly process of the BPBdevice 10 will be discussed in detail below.

The BPB device 10 includes a battery 16. The battery 16 may be a primarybattery, a rechargeable battery, or other power source, as previouslydescribed. When the battery 16 is rechargeable, it is recharged, asrequired, from an external battery charging system 39 typically throughthe OOK-PWM telemetry link 38 (as shown in FIG. 1).

The BPB device 10 includes a processor and other electronic circuitrythat allow it to generate stimulating pulses that are applied to apatient through electrodes 22 and 24 in accordance with a program storedin programmable memory located within the electronic subassembly 14. Theprocessor and other electronic circuitry also provide the telemetryfunctions described herein.

The battery 16 shown in FIG. 5 is a self-contained battery which powersthe BPB device 10. The battery 16 may be a Lithium-ion battery or othersuitable type of battery or power source. One type of rechargeablebattery that may be used is disclosed in International Publication WO01/82398 A1, published 1 Nov. 2001, and/or WO 03/005465 A1, published 16Jan. 2003, which publications are incorporated herein by reference.Other battery construction techniques that may be used to make thebattery 16 used with the BPB device are as taught, e.g., in U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,280,873; 6,458,171 and U.S. Publications 2001/0046625 A1 and U.S.2001/0053476 A1, which patents and publications are also incorporatedherein by reference. Recharging (when needed) occurs from an externalcharger to an implant depth, e.g., up to 13.87 cm. At this distance,charging from 10% to 90% capacity can occur in no more than eight hours.The battery 16 functions together with the additional components of theBPB device 10, including the BPB case 12 and the BPB electronicsubassembly 14 to provide electrical stimulation through the electrodes22 and 24. The battery or power source 16 has a pin 95 protruding fromthe flat end for the positive polarity contact. This pin has aprotruding length, e.g., of 0.25 mm and is embedded internallythroughout the length of the cathode case of the battery 16. The pin 95may be made of platinum or other suitable anode material. Wires 68A and68B are used for connecting the battery 16 to the electronic subassembly14. Wire 68A is insulated and laser welded or otherwise electricallyconnected to the pin 95, and wire 68B is not insulated and is laserwelded or otherwise electrically connected to the case of the battery.The battery case 70 has a negative polarity. The battery's nominalvoltage is typically 3.6 V, measured during a first cycle C/5 discharge.The battery's nominal capacity, C, is no less than 2.5 mAh(milli-amp-hours) when measured after the third discharge cycle with C/2charge to 4.0V and C/5 discharge to 3.0V at 37° C. (C/2 charge meansthat it takes 2 hours for the battery 16 to charge. C/5 discharge meansthat it takes 5 hours for the battery 16 to discharge.) Charge ordischarge time is calculated by taking the capacity (mAh or Ah) anddividing it by current (mA or A). The nominal settings are 4 mAamplitude, 20 Hz pulse frequency, 200 μsec pulse width, 5 sec burst-on,5 sec burst-off, and 200 μA recovery into a 1000Ω resistive load.

The electronic subassembly 14, shown in FIG. 1, functions together withthe additional components of the BPB device 10, including the BPB case12, BPB battery 16, and electrodes 22 and 24, to provide the BPB devicestimulating function. In one preferred embodiment, the electronicsubassembly 14 fits within, for instance, a cylinder with an outerdiameter D2 and length L3 as shown in FIG. 4. The inner diameter D2, hasa minimum value of about 2.40 mm and a maximum value of about 2.54 mm.The length L3, has a maximum value of about 13.00 mm.

The electronic subassembly 14 contains circuitry for stimulation,battery charging (when needed), telemetry, production testing, andbehavioral control. The stimulation circuitry can be further dividedinto components for high voltage generation, stimulation phase currentcontrol, recovery phase current control, charge balance control, andover voltage protection circuitry. The telemetry circuitry can befurther divided into an OOK receiver, FSK receiver, and FSK transmitter.The behavioral control circuitry can be further divided into componentsfor stimulation timing, high voltage generation closed loop control,telemetry packet handling, and battery management. In addition to thesefunctions, there is circuitry for reference voltage and referencecurrent generation, system clock generation, and Power-On Reset (POR)generation. The coil 18 (shown in FIG. 1) is utilized for receivingpower for battery charging (when used), telemetry, and high voltagegeneration.

The charging circuitry within the electronic subassembly 14 detects thepresence of an external charging field within no more than 5 seconds ofthe application of such a field. Upon detection, the BPB device 10enables a mode in which it can receive a telemetry message and in whichit can recharge the battery 16, as necessary. The electronic subassembly14 measures the rectified voltage during recharging and is able totransmit the measured voltage value to the base station 50 via coil 34.The battery voltage measurements are made in relatively identicalconditions. Specifically, the battery voltage is measured when nostimulation pulse is being delivered.

When the BPB device utilizes a rechargeable battery, and when thevoltage is less than the voltage defined by the Battery Recharge UpperVoltage Limit Internal Register (BRUVLIR), the BPB device 10 charges thebattery 16 using constant current charging with a maximum current ofC/2. The constant current phase of charging ends and the constantvoltage phase of charging begins when the BPB voltage reaches thevoltage defined by the BRUVLIR.

During the constant voltage phase of charging, the charging circuitrymaintains the battery 16 charging voltage at the voltage defined by theBRUVLIR. When the constant voltage charging current falls to 400 μA orless (i.e., when full charge has been reached), the charge ready bit ofthe BPB status register is activated and charging may be completed bythe removal of the magnetic field. During charging, the BPB chargingcircuitry monitors the incoming magnetic energy and periodically sendsinformation to the base station 50 via coil 34 in order to minimize themagnetic field that the BPB device 10 is exposed to, thus minimizing theelectrical dissipation of the BPB device 10 while charging. U.S. Pat.No. 6,553,263, incorporated herein by reference, describes relevantcharging technology which may also be used.

Protection circuitry within the electronic subassembly 14 is used as afailsafe against battery over-voltage. A battery protection circuitcontinuously monitors the battery's voltage and electrically disconnectsthe battery if its voltage exceeds 4.1 V. The BPB device 10 is not ableto recover from an excessive voltage condition, and thus requiresexplantation should an over-voltage condition occur, where anover-voltage condition is defined as a voltage that exceeds 4.1 V.

The BPB device 10 has different states based on the measured batteryvoltage, Vbatt. (Vbatt is measured when no stimulation is beingdelivered). FIG. 6 represents these various states and transitionsbetween states. The BPB device 10 should normally be in Normal OperationState 102, but when the measured battery voltage, Vbatt, falls below thevoltage defined by the battery voltage hibernation level internalregister, VHIB, the device enters a low-power Hibernation State 104.VHIB is a programmable voltage value of hibernation threshold for thebattery 16. In the Hibernation State, stimulation and FSK telemetry arediscontinued. In other words, the BPB device 10 discontinues listeningfor an incoming FSK telemetry signal but continues to listen for anincoming OOK telemetry signal. In the Hibernation State 104, the BPBdevice 10 is able to detect an applied external charging field. TheHibernation State 104 persists until the battery voltage, Vbatt, exceedsthe programmable value of VHIB, where VHIB is programmable between 3.25V and 3.6 V. The battery 16 then goes back to Normal Operation State 102and the stimulation and FSK telemetry signals resume when Vbatt becomesgreater than the programmed value ±0.05 V.

While in the Hibernation State 104, the battery 16 may also enter theDepletion State 106 when Vbatt falls below a non-programmable voltagevalue of Power On Reset (VPOR) threshold for the battery 16 of between2.2 V and 2.8V. In the Depletion State 106, the stimulation and FSKtelemetry are discontinued and are only able to be resumed followingprogramming and recharging by a clinician. The BPB device 10 disablesall circuitry except what is required for recharging the battery when anRF charging field is applied. While in the Depletion State 106, the BPBcircuitry is able to recharge the battery 16 from an external chargingfield. Charging while in the Depletion State 106 is performed at a slowrate (trickle charge) to allow the battery to recover from a low voltagecondition. The BPB device 10 performs a power-on reset when Vbattexceeds VPOR, then the BPB device 10 returns back to the HibernationState 104.

The BPB device 10 can also be set in Storage Mode 108. In Storage Mode108, the BPB device 10 shuts down the circuitry in order to conservepower and the stimulation and FSK telemetry is disabled. In Storage Mode108, the BPB device 10 is able to detect a charging field and is able toreceive both power for recharging as well as OOK telemetry messages viaa charging field.

The BPB device 10 contains an inductive coil 18 utilized for receivingpower and telemetry messages through an inductive telemetry link 38. Thecoil 18 may also be utilized to implement additional functions,including voltage conversion. The BPB coil 18 contained in theelectronic subassembly 14 has an exemplary cylindrical shape and isconstructed from multiple turns of conductive wire around a two-pieceexemplary dumbbell shaped ferrite core. Assembly of the BPB coil 18,internal electronic components, and the two-piece ferrite core will bediscussed in more detail presently.

Turning back to FIG. 1, the remote control 40 provides clinicianprogramming of the BPB device 10 and limited stimulation control for thepatient following implantation via a bidirectional FSK telemetry link48. (As stated earlier, an IrDA direct link 44 is provided to interfacebetween the clinician's programmer 60 and the remote control 40.) Theremote control 40 is small and light enough to be held comfortably inone hand and fits inside a purse or pocket. Its smallest dimension is nomore than 3 cm and its largest dimension is no more than 11.5 cm. Theremote control 40 operates on standard (e.g., off-the-shelf) batteries,such as AAA batteries.

An exemplary front panel 114 of the remote control 40 is shown in FIG.7, which identifies the primary control keys. An LCD display 116 showsall values and messages, e.g., whether stimulation is enabled ordisabled or the battery's energy level or state (normal, hibernation,depletion, or storage). The following control keys are found in thefront panel 114: ON/OFF key 118, up arrow key 120, down arrow key 122,information key 123, and status key 124. All control keys are easilymanipulated and may be recessed so that they are not accidentallyactivated (e.g., when the remote control 40 is in a purse).

The Clinician's Programmer (CP) 60 controls an implanted BPB device 10by communicating with an External Controller (the Remote Control 40 orcharging system 39). External Controller 39 or 40 in turn conveyscommands to the BPB device 10 through an FSK telemetry link 48. Aclinician has three ways to start up the CP program—“New Patient”, “FindPatient” and “Scan for BION”. The “New Patient” option brings up a blankform for the clinician to fill in the patient demographic informationsuch as name, birth date, identifying number, address, contactinformation, and notes. The “Find Patient” option brings up a menu ofpreviously entered patient records for selection. Upon selection of apatient, the saved patient information is displayed for review. The“Scan for BION” option determines whether or not there is a BPB device10 within telemetry range. If so, the identification number (ID) of theBPB device 10 is obtained and the database is searched for a patientwhose implanted BPB device 10 ID matches the one found. If such a matchis found, the patient's demographic information is automaticallydisplayed for review.

Once a patient for the BPB device has been identified, the clinician canthen adjust stimulation parameters through the Parameter Test utility.The successful stimulation parameter sets can be saved to the patient'srecord in the database. Previously saved parameter sets can be reviewedand re-applied using utilities to view history or current settings. Thecurrent battery level of the BPB device 10, as well as records of therecharge times, can be viewed.

The Clinician's Programmer 60 may also be used to generate differenttypes of reports, such as Patient Information, Session Summary, ImplantSystem, and Visit History. The Patient Information report includes allof the patient's demographic information. The Session Summary reportsummarizes the events for the follow-up session. The Implant Systemreport details the information for the implanted BPB device 10 and anyexternal controllers assigned to the patient. The Visit History showsinformation about office visits for the patient in the desired daterange. The Clinician's Programmer 60 includes utilities to backup andrestore the database. A utility is also available for exporting selectedpatient information into a data format for transfer.

As described earlier, the charging system 39 shown in FIG. 1, whichincludes the base station 50 and the chair pad 32, is used totranscutaneously charge the BPB battery 16 (when needed), and it is alsoused to communicate with and control the BPB device 10 via an OOKtelemetry link 38 and/or an FSK bidirectional telemetry link 48. Most ofthe electronics of charging system 39 are housed in a stand-alonepackage, with the exception of an AC adapter 54 for connection with awall AC power socket 52. The charging system 39 also provides feedbackto the user regarding the status of the BPB battery 16 duringrecharging. The remote control 40 and the clinician's programmer 60 maybe linked via an IrDA interface 45 to the charging system 39 tofacilitate exchange of data.

An exemplary manufacturing/assembly process of the BPB device 10 willnext be described. Unassembled BPB internal components 200 are shown inFIG. 8 and their interactions once assembled are depicted in thefunctional block diagram of FIG. 21. The components 200 include panel202; integrated circuitry 206; capacitors 208A1, 208A2, 208B1, and208B2; diodes 210A and 210B; two ferrite halves 212A and 212B; battery16; stimulating capacitor 15; molecular sieve moisture getter material235; and unwound conductive coil wire 216. After the final assemblyprocess, the components 200 are encapsulated within, for instance, ahermetically-sealed housing which consists of two cylindrical shellhousings, e.g., a titanium housing 213 and a ceramic housing 215 (bothshown in FIG. 20B). Other suitable housing material(s) and shapes may beused.

The BPB assembly process consists of a series of assembly operationsthat, herein, are grouped into three stages. The first stage comprisesoperations for putting together sub-assembly 200A (shown in FIG. 14A)and further operations to create sub-assembly 200B (shown in FIG. 15A)from sub-assembly 200A and other components; the second stage comprisescreating sub-assembly 200C (shown in FIG. 19) from sub-assembly 200B andother components; and the third stage comprises a process in which thesub-assembly 200C is encapsulated within the exemplaryhermetically-sealed cylindrical housing (shown in FIG. 20A). Materialsused for the manufacturing/assembly process are only exemplary and othersuitable materials may be used.

With reference to FIGS. 8-16 and 21, the first assembly stage will bedescribed. Ten or more units may be assembled together for batchprocessing as illustrated in FIG. 9 in which the substrate panels (202A,202B, 202C, . . . herein also collectively referred to as 202 n) areshown as part of panel assembly 202. By using a batch process, startingwith the substrate panel assembly 202, the assembly procedure andtesting is more efficient as opposed to assembling each unitindividually. The substrate panel assembly 202 is a single layer,double-sided circuit board made of ceramic, organic, or other suitableflexible material(s). The contour of each panel 202 n of the substratepanel assembly 202 may be precut and only small portions of the edgesmay be left attached to the substrate panel assembly 202. The smallportions that are left intact make the alignment of other components andfuture singularization of each panel 202 n much easier, especially whenall other parts have been assembled to the substrate panel assembly 202.

As an initial assembly step, the top surface 204 of substrate panelassembly 202 is used to mount other components, such as the integratedcircuit 206, which is similar in shape to each of the substrate panels202 n. The top surface 204 of the substrate panel assembly 202 isidentified by a printed part number made during the manufacturing of thesubstrate panel assembly 202. Each panel 202 n of substrate panelassembly 202 is uniquely serialized using a laser beam. The serialnumbers are engraved on the bottom surface 205 of the substrate panelassembly 202, and metal pads 203A and 203B (shown in FIGS. 14C, 14D, and15C) carry the serial number, which metal pads are used for test probingduring several steps of the assembly process. Two ferrite half cylinders212A and 212B “sandwich” a separated panel 202 n and associatedintegrated circuit 206. This “sandwich” design maximizes the size of thehalf cylinders 212A and 212B and the coil 18 which receive the powertransfer from the external coil, thus, maximizing the magneticinductance.

The integrated circuit (IC) 206 is a custom designed IC chip. The ICwafer, which includes a multitude of these custom ICs 206, is made usingstandard IC manufacturing processes. The IC wafer is then taken througha post-process called redistribution: A layer of polyamide (or othersuitable insulation) is deposited on the IC surface. Photosensitivematerial is deposited and exposed, e.g., through a mask, in onlyselected areas, as in photochemical etching processes known in the art.The photosensitive material and portions of the polyamide are removed,for instance, to expose the aluminum pads on the surface of the IC. Alayer of titanium tungsten in applied in a similar manner (i.e., usingphotosensitive etching or the like) to the aluminum. A layer of copperis then deposited, and photochemical etching or the like used to removethe areas of copper that are not needed. This layer of copper (aided bythe surrounding layers) creates the “redistribution” of mounting padsand traces that allows secondary components such as diodes 210A and 210Band capacitors 208A1 and 208A2 to be assembled above and bonded to theIC 206 and allows simplified interconnections between the IC 206 and thesubstrate 202 n, as shown in FIG. 13. Again using photochemical etchingor the like, titanium tungsten or other suitable bonding material isapplied to select portions of the copper, where gold or other suitableconductive material will be applied. Another layer of polyamide orsimilar insulation is applied (via photochemical etching or the like) toselect areas. A layer of gold or other conductive material is applied(again, via photochemical etching or the like) to the bonding materialthat was earlier applied to the copper. These added layers on the ICsurface 207 also provide a damping media for protection against thestresses and damages caused by assembly handling and componentplacement.

Using the top surface 204 of the substrate assembly 202 or eachsubstrate panel 202 n, a non-conductive epoxy is applied to attach eachintegrated circuit 206 as shown in FIG. 10. After the ICs 206 areassembled to substrates panels 202 n, each non-serialized IC 206 is nowuniquely identified by the serial number laser engraved on the backsideof substrate panels 202 n, and can be tested and calibrated withcalibration information saved together with the serial number.

Conductive epoxy is applied to portions of the top surface 207 of eachIC 206 to mount, e.g., ceramic, capacitors 208A1 and 208A2, and thediodes 210A and 210B to their respective redistributed interconnectionpads, as shown in FIG. 13. Non-conductive epoxy is applied to a portionof surface 207 of the ICs 206 to attach the top ferrite half 212A, asshown in FIG. 12. Electrical wires 214 are bonded, connecting traces onpanel 202 n to diodes 210A and 210B, and connecting traces on panel 202n to IC 206. An enlarged detail view of the bonded wires 214 is shown inFIG. 13. Quality inspection can be done after this step, as well asother steps in the manufacturing process.

To protect the electrical wires 214 from any damage that may occurduring the assembly process and handling, they may be encapsulated withan epoxy joint 217, as shown in FIG. 14A. The mounting of the componentson the top surface of the substrate panel 202 is now complete.

The bottom half components of the “sandwich” ferrite arrangement areassembled next to the bottom surface 205 of the substrate panel 202 n(as shown in FIG. 14B). A non-conductive epoxy is applied to the portionof the bottom surface 205 used to attach the bottom ferrite half 212B. Aconductive epoxy is then applied to the portion of the bottom surface205 of the substrate panel 202 n used to attach the ceramic capacitors208B1 and 208B2.

The assembled units 200A are separated from panel assembly 202 bybreaking away the pre-cut small portions made to contour the edge ofeach substrate panel 202 n. FIG. 14A shows an isometric top view of asingle sub-assembly 200A showing the wire bonds and diodes encapsulatedin epoxy joint 217. FIG. 14B shows an isometric bottom view of thesub-assembly 200A. FIG. 14C shows the top plan view of the sub-assembly200A showing the two pads 203A and 203B protruding from one end of theferrite “sandwich” arrangement. The pads 203A and 203B can be used fortesting the assembled electrical connections. The pads 203A and 203B arealso used to connect the, e.g., tantalum, stimulating capacitor 15. FIG.14D shows the bottom plan view of the sub-assembly 200A where the twopads 203A and 203B, as well as pads 201A, 201B, 201C, and 201D are alsoused for electrical test probing. The two metal pads 203C and 203D alsocarry the serial number. The bottom of the sub-assembly 200A isidentified by the mark 221 located on the ceramic capacitor 208B1 to aidin orientation and handling during manufacturing.

The unwound coil wire 216, made of 46 gauge insulated magnetic copperwire or other suitable conductive wire material, is then wound on themiddle section of the ferrite cylinder, as shown in FIG. 15A. The coilwire 216 in a wound configuration is referred to as the BPB coil 18, asshown in FIGS. 1, 15A, and 15B. In this particular assembly process, thecoil 18 has 156 turns and is wound in two layers identified as coillayer 223A and coil layer 223B, as shown in FIG. 15B, which depicts across-section of the sub-assembly 200B (which is the designation givento sub-assembly 200A after it has proceeded through the coil windingprocess). One coil layer or more than two coil layers may also be used.The required amount of layers depends on the frequency, current, andvoltage requirements. Distance A (shown in FIG. 15B) is determined bythe required number of coil turns and distance B (also shown in FIG.15B) is the amount of chamfer depth required to fit the number oflayers. For this application, two layers are shown in FIG. 15B.Minimizing the coil layers, which minimizes the diameter of the coil,allows subassembly 200B to fit in the smallest shell possible, for whicha ceramic or other suitable material can be used. As shown in FIG. 15B,an exemplary “dumbbell” configuration is formed with the arrangement ofthe two ferrite halves 212A and 212B in which the gap formed by thedistances A and B is used to wind the coil 216.

A soldering fixture 226, shown in FIG. 16, is used to assist interminating the coil ends 228A and 228B to pads 201A and 201B of thepanel 202 n, as shown in FIG. 15C. Soldering the coil ends 228A and 228Bbecomes more practical when the sub-assembly 224 is isolated and securedusing soldering fixture 226 or other similar soldering fixture. Thebottom surface of the panel 202 is facing up using the mark 221 toidentify this surface. The sub-assembly 200B is placed in fixture 226with its bottom side facing up and is held firmly in place by handle226A which is tightened by bolt 226B. FIG. 16 shows the sub-assembly200B securely loaded in soldering fixture 226. The two coil ends, 228Aand 228B, are soldered to the pads 201A and 201B (the ones next to theceramic capacitors 208B1 and 208B2 located on the bottom surface ofpanel 202), as shown in FIG. 15C. This step finalizes the first assemblystage after which sub-assembly 200B is complete.

With reference to FIGS. 17-19 and 21, the second assembly stage will bedescribed. A carrier 230, shown in FIG. 17, has been designed tofacilitate the second assembly stage and aid in alignment of components.The carrier 230 consists of two plates, top plate 230A and bottom plate230B. When plates 230A and 230B are bolted together, the machinedfeatures, 231A, 231B, and 231C securely hold the components assembled inthe first operation described above. The top plate 230A also containsopenings 232A, 232B, and 232C to allow access to the assembledcomponents for processing, testing, and inspection. Two bolts 234A and234B, aligned with holes 233A and 233B, are required to securely fastenplates 230A and 230B. Holes 233C and 233D are used to secure theassembled carrier 230 on a metal work plate 239 using pins 237A and 237B(shown in FIG. 18). Having the carrier 230 secured on the work plate 239facilitates in a smooth assembly process.

The sub-assembly 200B and the stimulating capacitor 15 are placed in thecarrier bottom plate 230B as shown in FIG. 18, then top plate 230A isbolted to bottom plate 230B with bolts 234A and 234B. Through grooveopening 232B on top plate 230A, conductive epoxy 229 is applied to bondthe gold-coated nickel ribbon attached to one end of the capacitor 15 tobond to pads 203A and/or 203B (seen best in FIGS. 14C and 14D). At thispoint, while in the carrier 230, the assembly is tested (as it isthroughout the manufacturing process) and is also processed throughbaking temperature cycling.

The top carrier plate 230A is removed, the battery 16 is securely placedin the carrier groove 231C of bottom plate 230B, then top plate 230A isbolted back in place. The battery 16 has two nickel wires 68A and 68B(shown in FIG. 5) which have been pre-welded. Battery 16 is placed intogroove 231C so the nickel wires 68A and 68B protrude towards the bottomsurface 205 of the substrate panel 202 n. Using groove opening 232B,where the nickel wires 68A and 68B of the battery 16 and the assembly200B come together, an amount of non-conductive epoxy 219 is applied sothat the ends of wires 68A and 68B are still accessible. The nickelwires 68A and 68B are bent towards and soldered to the substrate pads201C and 201D. Additional non-conductive epoxy 219 is applied to securethe connection between the soldered nickel wires 68A and 68B and pads201C and 201D. This finalizes the second assembly stage when thesub-assembly 200C as shown in FIG. 19 is complete.

With reference to FIGS. 20A, 20B, 20C, and 21 the third assembly stagewill be described. The assembly 200C is encapsulated within an exemplaryhermetically-sealed housing which consists of, for instance, twocylindrical cases, a titanium 6/4 case 213 and a zirconia ceramic case215, as best seen in the cross sectional view FIG. 20B. Alternativematerials and shapes for the housing may also be used. A titanium 6/4 orother suitable connector 236 is brazed with a titanium nickle alloy (orother suitable material) to the ceramic case 215 for securing the matingend of the titanium case 213. The connector 236 has an inside flange236A and an outside flange 236B which serve to “self center” the brazeassembly. Before inserting the subassembly 200C and before securing themating ends, conductive silicone adhesive 238 is applied to the insideend of the ceramic shell as well as to the inside end of the titaniumshell. A molecular sieve moisture getter material 235 is also added toareas 235A, 235B, and 235C as shown in FIG. 20B before the brazingprocess.

The “spiral” self centering button electrode 22 is made from titanium6/4 or other suitable material and is plated with an iridium coating orother suitable conductive coating. An end view of electrode 22 is shownin FIG. 20C. A spiral groove 324 is made to stimulating surface 322 ofthe electrode 22. The spiral groove 324 is just one example of grooveshapes that may be used; other shapes, such as a cross hatch pattern orother pattern may also/instead be used. Groove 324 increases theconductive surface area 322 of electrode 22.

The sharp edges in groove 324 force a more homogeneous currentdistribution over the surface 322 and decrease the chances of electrodecorrosion over time. The corrosion effect which may affect the electrode22 is also known as biofouling, which is the gradual accumulation ofbacteria on the surface of the electrode 22 once immersed in body fluid.When current is injected into body fluids, an electro chemical reactionoccurs, producing large amounts of current density, which can contributeto the accumulation of bacteria. The spiral groove 324 or similar groovehelps reduce the current density along the sharp groove edges. A toolmade in the shape of a trapezoid or similar shape is used to cut thegroove 324 into a spiral or other shape. Other methods of cutting thegroove 324 may be used, e.g., ion beam etching.

The button electrode 22 becomes the active or stimulating electrode. Atitanium/nickle alloy 240 or other suitable material is used to brazethe button electrode 22 to the zirconia ceramic case 215. An end view ofthe BPB device 10 is shown in FIG. 20C where the end view of thestimulating “spiral” button electrode 22 can be seen. The end 242 of thetitanium shell 213 is plated with an iridium coating (other suitableconductive coating may be applied), which plated area becomes theindifferent iridium electrode 24, as shown in FIG. 20A.

FIG. 20A shows a top view of the assembled BPB device 10 with theexternal coatings depicted. A type C parylene or other suitableinsulation coating is applied to the shaded area 244, e.g., by standardmasking and vapor deposition processes. The zirconia ceramic case isleft exposed in area 248 and the iridium electrode 24 is shown on theend 242 of the titanium case 213. This step completes the assemblyprocess of the BPB device 10. A cross-section of the final assembled BPBdevice 10 is shown in FIG. 20B.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,582,441, incorporated herein by reference, describes asurgical insertion tool which may be used for implanting the BPB devicetaught in this invention. The procedures taught in the '441 patent forusing the tool and associated components may be used for implanting andextracting the BPB device 10 taught in the present invention. Thesurgical insertion tool described in the '441 patent facilitates theimplantation of the BPB device in a patient such that the stimulatingelectrode 22 is in very close proximity to the stimulating nerve site(e.g., near the pudendal nerve for treating patients with urinary urgeincontinence). The proximity range may be, for example, less than 1-2mm.

Other implantation procedures exist relating to the specific area to bestimulated. The implantable BPB device 10 may also be implanted in othernerve sites relating to preventing and/or treating various disordersassociated with, e.g., prolonged inactivity, confinement orimmobilization of one or more muscles and/or as therapy for variouspurposes including paralyzed muscles and limbs, by providing stimulationof the cavernous nerve(s) for an effective therapy for erectile or othersexual dysfunctions, and/or by treating other disorders, e.g.,neurological disorders caused by injury or stroke.

When the power source used within the BPB device is something other thana rechargeable battery, e.g., a primary battery and/or one of thealternative power sources described previously, then the circuitrywithin the electronic subassembly 14 (FIG. 1) is modified appropriatelyto interface with, control and/or monitor the particular power sourcethat is used. For example, when the power source comprises a primarybattery, the circuitry within the electronic subassembly may besimplified to include only monitoring circuitry, not charging circuitry.Such monitoring circuitry may provide status information regarding howmuch energy remains stored within the primary battery, thereby providingthe physician and/or patient an indication relative to the remaininglife of the battery.

When the power source used within the BPB device is a super capacitor,then such super capacitor will typically be used in combination with aprimary battery and/or a rechargeable battery. When used in combinationwith a primary battery, for example, the circuitry within the electronicsubassembly is modified appropriately so that the charge stored on thesuper capacitor is available to help power the BPB device during timesof peak power demand, such as during those times when telemetry signalsare being transmitted from the implanted device to the externaldevice(s), or when the amplitude of the stimulation pulses has beenprogrammed to be very high. When used in combination with a rechargeablebattery, the circuitry within the electronic subassembly is modifiedappropriately so that the charge stored on the super capacitor isavailable to help recharge the rechargeable battery or to help power theBPB device at times of high power demand.

While the invention herein disclosed has been described by means ofspecific embodiments and applications thereof, numerous modificationsand variations could be made thereto by those skilled in the art withoutdeparting from the scope of the invention set forth in the claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A neurostimulator system, comprising: a firstexternal device; a second external device; and an implantable stimulatorhaving an antenna, wherein the implantable stimulator is configured togenerate stimulation pulses in accordance with programmed parameters,wherein the first external device is configured to communicate data withthe antenna in the implantable stimulator in accordance with a firstmodulation scheme via a first telemetry link, wherein the secondexternal device is configured to communicate data with the antenna inthe implantable stimulator in accordance with at least a secondmodulation scheme different from the first modulation scheme via asecond telemetry link, and wherein the implantable stimulator isconfigured to use the second telemetry link to provide power to theimplantable stimulator.
 2. The neurostimulator system of claim 1,wherein the first and second external devices can communicate with eachother.
 3. The neurostimulation system of claim 1, wherein the firstmodulation scheme comprises frequency shift keying, and the secondmodulation scheme comprises on-off keying.
 4. The neurostimulationsystem of claim 1, wherein the first external device comprises anexternal programmer, and the second external device comprises anexternal charger.
 5. The neurostimulation system of claim 4, wherein theexternal charger comprises a base station.
 6. The neurostimulationsystem of claim 4, wherein the external charger comprises a chair pad.7. The neurostimulator system of claim 1, wherein the implantablestimulator comprises a power source, and wherein the implantablestimulator is configured to provide the power to charge the powersource.
 8. A neurostimulator system, comprising: an implantablestimulator, wherein the stimulator is configured to generate stimulationpulses; a remote control configured to wirelessly communicate data tothe stimulator; and a charger configured to wirelessly provideoperational power to the stimulator, wherein the remote control and thecharger are configured to communicate with each other via a wirelesstelemetry link.
 9. The neurostimulator system of claim 8, wherein thedata is communicated to the stimulator in accordance with a frequencyshift keying modulation scheme.
 10. The neurostimulator system of claim8, wherein the charger includes a coil for producing the power.
 11. Theneurostimulator system of claim 8, further comprising a clinician'sprogrammer for wirelessly communicating with the charger and the remotecontrol.
 12. The neurostimulator system of claim 8, wherein theimplantable stimulator comprises: a hermetically-sealed housing; firstand second electrodes external to the hermetically-sealed housing; andtelemetry circuitry configured to receive the data communicated by theremote control and the operational power provided by the charger. 13.The neurostimulator system of claim 12, wherein the implantablestimulator further comprises a power source within thehermetically-sealed housing which is charged by the power provided bythe charger.
 14. The neurostimulator system of claim 8, wherein thecharger is further configured to wirelessly provide information to thestimulator.
 15. A neurostimulator system, comprising: a remote control;an external device; and an implantable stimulator configured to generatestimulation pulses in accordance with programmed parameters, wherein theremote control is configured to communicate data with the implantablestimulator via a first radio frequency telemetry link, and wherein theexternal device is configured to communicate data with the implantablestimulator via a second radio frequency telemetry link and via anelectromagnetic inductive telemetry link.
 16. The neurostimulator systemof claim 15, wherein the data communicated via the first radio frequencytelemetry link is modulated using frequency shift keying.
 17. Theneurostimulator system of claim 16, wherein the data communicated viathe electromagnetic inductive telemetry link is modulated using on-offkeying.
 18. The neurostimulator system of claim 15, wherein theimplantable stimulator comprises: a hermetically-sealed housing; firstand second electrodes external to the hermetically-sealed housing; andtelemetry circuitry configured to receive the first radio frequencytelemetry link, the second radio frequency telemetry link, and theelectromagnetic inductive telemetry link.
 19. The neurostimulator systemof claim 18, wherein the implantable stimulator further comprises apower source within the hermetically-sealed housing which is charged bythe electromagnetic inductive telemetry link.
 20. The neurostimulatorsystem of claim 15, wherein the remote control and the external devicecommunicate with each other via a wireless communication link.
 21. Theneurostimulator system of claim 15, wherein the first and second radiofrequency telemetry link carry data using the same modulation scheme.